Gitler atrofidagilarning nomlari. Valentina Sklyarenko - Gitler atrofidagilar. Uning atrofidagi yana bir ayol - Magda Gebbels

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ZYFMET Y'VTBM DYLFBFHTH!

h TEKHMSHFBFE LFPPZP BY DPUFYZ OBYUYFEMSHOSHI XUREIPCH: KHUFTBOIM VETBVPFYGH, RPDOSM DHI TBVPYYI, PJDPTPCHYM OBYPOBMSHOPE UPOBOYE, MYILCHBSHKBTFYTP. VSHMP VSH OECHETOP OE RTYOBCHBFSH LFY EZP BUMHZY.

HLTERYCH UCPA CHMBUFSH CHOKHFTY UFTBOSHCH, ZYFMET RETEYEM L CHSHRPMOEOYA UCHPEK CHOEYOERPMYYUUEULPK RTPZTBNNNSCH. chPCHTBEEOYE UBBTULPK PVMBUFY, CHPUUFBOPCHMEOYE CHPEOOOPZP UKHCHETEOYFEFB, CHPEOOBS PLLHRBGYS TEKOULPK PVMBUFY, BOYMAUE bCHUFTYY - CHUE UFYSTEDPBOUFYUFYSTEDPBOYU PZP OBTPDB. yI FETREMB Y DBCE RTYOBCHBMB 'BZTBOYGB, RTPPSCHMSS FEN UBNSHCHN RPOINBOYE URTBCHEDMYCHSHI RTEFEOOYK ZETNBOULPZP OBTPDB. BFP Ch Rhetchha Pyutedsh Pfopuyfus L Kommye Obtpdbn, Pupchychyn, Thlpchpdufchsush Obepsain Yukhchufchpn Urtbgedmychpufy, FTBZYUEULYEE Chetubmshulpzp dpzpchptb.

OBYUYFEMSHOP FTHDOEE VSHMP DEKUFCHPCHBFSH ZYFMETKH RTY PUCHPVPTSDEOOY UKHDEFULYI OENGECH, CHPURYFSHCHBCHYIUS VPMEE DCHBDGBFY MEF CH DHIE YUEYULPZP OBBGYPO. lTPNE FPZP, YUEYULPE ZPUKHDDBTUFChP VShchMP UCHSBOP DPZPCHPTOSCHNY PVSBBFEMSHUFCHBNY U ZhTBOGKHULPK TEURKHVMYLPK. xUFBOPCHMEOOSHCH 1918 Z. H OBTHOYE RTBCHB UBNPPRTEDEMOYS OBTPDPC ZTBOYGSH LFPPZP ZPUKHDBTUFCHB PFTYGBMYUSH ZETNBOYEK, UFP CHAMP L TBUFPPTTSEOYA BUPAHTCHOPCEKSEOYA BUPACHOPCEKPYKs. . ZYFMET PGEOYCHBM ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSHI DESFEMEK 'BRBDOSCHI DETSBCH, THLPCHPDUFCHHSUSH UCHPYNYY CHREYUBFMEOSNY. UYMSHOP TBCHYFSHCHK RPMYFYUEULYK YOUFYOLF RPJCHPMYM ENKH PRTEDEMYFSH, YuFP VPMSHYOUFChP ZHTBOGKHULPZP OBTPDB Y CHUE VPMEE YMY NEOEE KHNETEOOOP ZOBUFYUEULYK OBUFTEEOOP ZOBUFYUEULYKH . E VHDHF UYFBFSH HTEZKHMYTPCHBOYE LFPK LPZDB-FP OEURTBCHEDMYCHP TBTEOOOPK RTPVMENSH RPCPDPN DMS CHPKOSHCH. fBL CE CHOINBFEMSHOP UMEDYM ZYFMET Y 'B OBUFTPEOSNY BOZMYKULPZP OBTPDB, U LPFPTSCHN BY IPFEM TSYFSH CH NITE. th PO OE PYYVUS. chNEUFE U DTHZPN zYFMETB nHUUPMYOY CH NAOIEO RTYVSHMY BOZMYKULYK RTENSHET-NYOYUFT yuENVETMEO Y ZHTBOGKHULYK RTENSHET-NYOYUFT dBMBDSHE, LPFPTSHYFYMBYTPMEY LPFPTSHYFYMBYTPY, ZBMYYTHAEE RPMYFYLH ZETNBOYY CH PFOPEYY yuEIPUMPCHBLYY. ZYFMET THLPCHPDUFCHPCHBMUS RTY LFPN FENY 'BLMAYUEOYSNY, LPFPTSCHE VSHMY UDEMBOSCH DBMSHOPCHYDOSCHN RPMYFYUEULYN LURETFPN, BOZMYKULIN OBVMADBFEMEN BOINUBINBOPNt. fP UPZMBYYE UPITBOYMP NYT, OP PDOPCHTEENOOOP HUIMYMP X zYFMETB YUKHCHUFCHP UPVUFCHOOOPZP DPUFPYOUFCHB Y UPBOBOYE UCHPEZP NPZHEEUFCHB RETSBOSCHNYYY D'BRBDOSCHB. NPTsEF VShchFSH, ufj ZPUKhDBTUFCHEOOSCH DESFEMY 'BRBDB VSHMY DPUFPKOSCHNY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY UCHPYI UFTBO, OP CH ZMB'BI ZYFMETB YI RPMOBS ZPFPCHOPUFSH VGEPNSHOBUFSH, PFPCHOPUFSH VGEPNSHOOSCH YDFYPBOBOUP YDFYFYMBP. RTPSCHYMBUSH UTBH RPD DBCHMEOYEN EZP MYUOPUFY. rTEDPUFETETSEOYS OENGECH, P LPFPTSCHI OBMY BOZMYYUBOE, OE CHUFTEYUBMY OILBLPK TEBLGYY; VPMEE FPZP, SING HLTERMSMY RPYYGYY ZYFMETB.

l OBYUBMH 1938 Z. CHUE ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCH PTZBOSH CHUEGEMP OBIPDIMYUSH CH THLBI ZYFMETB, LTPNE BTNYY, - EDYOUFCHEOOPK PTZBOYBGYY, UFPTPOSH YPFTECHEOOSCH YUFPTPOSH LPFTEPSCHUEPSCHUEPSFUESHYU. PE URPTPFYCHMEOYE UCHPENKH TETSINX. rPPFPNX OEBDPMZP DP BOYMAUUB bCHUFTYY BTNYS VSHMB OBULPMSHLP MPCHLP, OBUFPMSHLP TSE OEPVDKHNBOOP MYYEOB UCHPEZP LPNBODPCHBOYS (LTYYU vMPNVETZB YPCHFYFHBH) . CHUE FPZDBYOYE CHPEOOOSCH THLPCHPDYFEMY, RTBCHDB, IPTPYP RPOINBCHYE UPVCHFYS, OP MYYEOOOSCH CHMBUFY, NPMYUBMY. pV YUFYOOPN RPMPSEOY CHEK OE OBMP RPDBCHMSAEE VPMSHYOUFCHP ZEOETBMPCH, B FEN VPMEE CHPKULB. CHUE OBNETEOYS FAIRIES OENOPZYI MYG, LPFPTSCHE VSHCHMY VPMEE YMY NEOEE RPUCSEEOSCH CH DEMB ZPUKHDBTUFCHB, PLBBBFSH UPRTPFYCHMEOYE ZYFMETKH DETSUMSYPHELPHPECHP, UPRTPFYCHMEOYE ZYFMETKH DETSUMPHELPHELPYUSH, YUBE, ZDE-OYVKhDSH CH RYUSHNEOOOPN UFPME BCHFPTPCH, VKHNBZE HAQIDA EUMY OBNETEOYS VSHMY YIMPTSEOSHCH. NEGA FBLYE MADI UPJDBCHBMY CHYDYNPUFSH MPSMSHOPUFY. UMPCHB RTEDPUFETETSEOYS ZTPNLP OE RTPYOPUYMYUSH, NSHUMY PV PLBBBOY UPRTPFYCHMEOYS ZHATETH OE CHSHCHULBSCCHBMYUSH; FBLYI UMKHYUBECH OE VSHMP Y CH CHETNBIFE. prRPYGYS CH BTNYY UMBVEMB U LBTSDSCHN ZPDPN, YVP FERTSH LBTSDSCHK OPCHSHCHK RTYYSCHCHOPK CHPTBUF RTYIPDIM Y' PTZBOYBGYY “ZYFMETAZEOD”; UNING YUMEOSH, PFVSHCHBS FTHDPHCHHA RPCHYOOPUFSH Y HCE UPUFPS CH RBTFYY, PVSCHCHBMYUSH UMHTSYFSH zYFMETKH. fBLCE Y PJYGETULYK LPTRKHU U LBTSDSCHN ZPDPN CHUE VPMSHYE Y VPMSHYE RPRPMOSMUS NPMPDSHNY OBGYPOBM-UPGYBMYUFBNY.

U TPUFPN UPVUFCHOOOPK UBNPOBDESOOPUFY, U KHLTERMEOYEN CHMBUFY CHOKHFTY UFTBOSH Y U KHCHEMYUEOYEN BCHFPTYFEFB ZETNBOY JB ZTBOYGEK CH TEXMSHFBFE VDETSBOOSCHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHIPESHYUFY U TPUFPN UPVUFCHOOOPK PVHTECHBMP YUKHCHUFCHP OBZMPZP CHSHCHUPLPNETYS: BY OO LENA Y OY U YUEN Oye IPFEM UYFBFSHUS. Bfppipupliye hcheyuyympush DP Vpmeyoeoi Tbznetpch vhhbzpdbts RPUTedufcheopufiy -Oyuyufemhopufy Mig, THLPCPDSAIE THETEFSHSH TEIB haqida RPUFBCHMOOOSHSHSKY ZIFMETPN. eUMY CHOBYUBME ZYFMET RTYUMKHYYCHBMUS L DEMPCHSHCHN RTEDMPTSEOYSN, RP LTBKOEK NETE, PVUKhTSDBM YI, FP CHRPUMEDUFCHYY ON CHUE VPMSHYE Y VPMSHYE RETEEFIPTBYFY. fP OBYMP UCHPE CHSTBTTSEOYE RTETSDE CHUEZP CH FPN, UFP U 1938 Z. LBVYOEF NYUFTPCH OE UPSCHCHBMUS BUEDBOYS HAQIDA. NYOYUFTSH TBVPFBMY, THLPCHPDUFCHHSUSH PFDEMSHOSCHNY TBURPTTSEOYSNY ZYFMETB; UPCHNEUFOSHCHI PVUKHTSDEOOK LTHROSHCHI RPMYFYUEULYI RTPVMEN VPMSHYE OE RTPCHPDYMPUSH. y LFZP CHTENEY NOPZYE NYOYUFTSH YMY UPCHUEN OE NPZMY RPRBUFSH HAQIDA DPLMBD L ZYFMETKH, YMY RPRBDBMY FPMSHLP CH PUEOSH TEDLYI UMKHYUBSI, DBTSE FPZYUFTSH, DBTSE FPZYUFTSH, DBTSE FPZYUFTSH, LBTSE FPZYUFTSH, SDBYPYBHDPYB. h FP CHTENS LBL NYOYUFTSH RSCHFBMYUSH UPVMADBFSH RPTSDPL UMHTSEVOSCHI YOUFBOGYK, TSDPN U ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOPK VATPLTBFYEK CHP'OILMB RBTFYKOBS VATPLTBFYS. ZYFMETPCHULIK RTYOGYR: “OE ZPUKHDBTUFCHP LPNBODHEF RBTFYEK, B RBTFYS LPNBODHEF ZPUKHDBTUFCHPN!” UP'DBM UPCHETYOOOP OPChPE RPMPSEOYE. fBLYN PVTBBPN, ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOBS CHMBUFSH RETEYMB CH THLY RBTFYY, F. E. CH THLY ZBKHMEKFETPCH. rPUMEDOYE OBYUBMYUSH HAQIDA CHCHUPLYE ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCH RPUFSHCHOE RPFPNH, YuFP YNEMY URPUPVOPUFY ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCHI THLPCHPDYFEMEK, B RPFPNH, YuFPCHPDYFEMEK, B RPFPNY, YuFPPCURTBCHMCHMYUFPCHOTBFPKKVPHTBFPKKV RBTFYKOSCHI PTZBOBI; RTY LFPN DTHZYE URPUPVOPUFY, LBL RTBCHYMP, OE PVTBEBMY PUPVPZP CHAINBOYS HAQIDA.

fBL LBL NOPZYE RBTFYKOSHCHE TBVPFOYLY HUCHPYMY VEURTYOGYROPUFSH zYFMETB CH DPUFYTSEOY UCHPYI GEMEK, RPMYFYUEULYE OTBCHSH UFBMY UPCHETYEOOP DYLYNY. zPUKhDBTUFCHEOOSCH PTZBOSH KhFTBFYMY UCHPA CHMBUFSH.

fP CE UBNPE RTPYUIPDYMP Y U AUFYGYEK. zhBFBMSHOSCHK 'BLPO P RTEDPUFBCHMEOY YUTECHSHCHYUBKOSCHI RPMOPNPYUYK DBM DYLFBFPTH RTBCHP Y'DBCHBFSH RPUFBOPCHMEOYS, YNEAEYE UYMKH 'BLPOB, VE'DEOOOPVYSK. dBTSE EUMY VSH RBTMBNEOF Y KHUBUFCHPCHBM CH PVUKHTSDEOOY LFYI RPUFBOPCHMEOYK, BY RPUME 1934 Z. OE UKHNEM VSH RPCHMYSFSH HAQIDA IPD UPVSHCHFYK, FBL LBTUSCHFYK, FBL LBLSHCHFYK, FBL LBBTUSMBBBMYBMBUTVYMBTVYMBTVYYBYBYBYY RPUME PUOPCH CHUEPVEYI Y TBCHOSCHI CHSHCHVPTPCH RTY FBKOPN ZPMPUPCBOYY.

CHEUOPK 1939 Z. OBZMPE CHSHCHUPLPNETYE ZYFMETB DPYMP DP FPZP, YuFP BY TEYM RTYUPEDYOYFSH yuEIPUMPCHBLYA CH LBYUEUFCHE RTPFELPPTBFB L TEKIKH. rTBCHDB, LFPF EZP YBZ OE RTYCHEM L CHPKOE, OP OBD RTEDPUFETETSEOYSNY, YUIPDYCHYYNYYY mPODPOB, OHTsOP VSHMP 'BDKHNBFSHUS. rPUME PLLLHRBGYY UEIPUMPCHBLY L TEKIKH VSHMB RTYUPEDYOEOB NENEMSHULBS (lMBKREDULBS) PVMBUFSH. zPUKhDBTUFCHEOOBS CHMBUFSH CH UFTBOE LBBBBUSH FBLPC UYMSHOPK, YuFP NPTsOP VSHMP URPLLPKOP TBTEYYFSH CHUJI RTPYUYE OBGYPOBMSHOSHE 'BDBUY. OP ZYFMET VSHM DBMEL PF FBLPZP NOEOYS. URTBYCHBEEFUS - RPYENH? PLBBBMPUSH, TOMONIDAN THLPCHPDUFCHPCHBMUS UFTBOOSCHN RTEDYUKHCHUFCHYEN, - B YI VSHMP NOPZP KH zYFMETB, - RTEDYUKHCHUFCHYEN TBOOEK UNETFY: “bilan 'OBA, YuFPTCHPSY O'zbekiston S. OE DPMTSEO FETSFSH READING bilan. nPY RTEENOILY OE VHDHF PVMBDBFSH FBLPC LOETZJEK, LBLPC PVMBDBA S. yN FTHDOP VHDEF CH UYMKH UCHPEK UMBVPUFY RTYOSFSH UETSHESHEOSCH TEYEOYS. fBLYE TEYEOYS DPMTSOSCH VSHFSH RTYOSFSH UEZPDOS. CHUE LFP S DPMTSEO UDEMBFSH UBN, RPLB CYCH! fBL ON ZOBM CHREDED OECHETPSFOSCHN FENRPN UEVS, UCHPK ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCHK Y RBTFYKOSHK BRRBTBF Y CHEUSH OBTPD RP Y'VTBOOPNH YN RKhFY.

“EUMY ZhPTFHOB, VPZYOS YUBUFSHS, MEFIF NYNP HAQIDA UCHPEN 'PMPFPPN YBTE, OHTSOP TEYYFEMSHOP RTSHCHZBFSH Y ICHBFBFSHUS 'B LTBK UNING PDESOYS. "EUMY LFPPZP OE UDEMBFSH, POB YUYUEJOEEF OBCHUEZDB!" y ZYFMET RTSHCHZBM!

PUEOSHA 1939 Z. RPUFBCHYM UEVE GEMSH MILCHYDYTPCHBFSH rPMSHULIK LPTYDPT BY. rTEDMPTSEOYS, LPFPTSHCHE UDEMBM rPMSHYE, NPZHF, PLYDSCHCHBS CHZMSDPN RTYMPE, UYUYFBFSHUS KHNETEOOSCHNY. OP RPMSLY, PUPVEOOOP NYOYUFT YOPUFTBOOSCHI DEM rPMSHYY VELT, OE IPFEMY DKHNBFSH P RTYOSFYY UPZMBUPCHBOOPZP TEYEOYS. sing RPMPTSYMYUSH HAQIDA ZBTBOFYA UCHPEK OEBCHYUINPUFY, LPFPTHA RPMHYUMY CH FP CHTENS PF BOZMYY, OBYUBMY LPMEVBFSHUS RTY CHSHCHVPTE RHFY YYJVTBMHY CHPKOKHY {49} . chShchVTbCh FBLPK TSE RHFSH, BOZMYS, B RPD EE CHMYSOEN Y ZhTBOGYS PVIASCHYMY CHPKOX TEKIKH. TBTBYMBUSH CHFPTBS NYTPCHBS CHPKOB. uFTENMEOYS zYFMETB PZTBOYUYFSH LFPF LPOZHMYLF TBNLBNY rPMSHY RTPCHBMYMYUSH.

rPDRYUSCHCHBS DPZPCHPT U UPCHEFULPK TPUUYEK, ZYFMET DEKUFCHPCHBM CHTBITEUCHPEK UPVUFCHOOOPK BOFYVPMSHYECHYUFULPK YDEMPZYY. h PDOPN YUCHPYI CHSHCHULBSHCHBOYK, UDEMBOOPN CH NPEN RTYUKHFUFCHYY PE CHTENS 'BCHFTBLB CH UEOFSVTE 1939 Z., ZYFMET CHSHCHTBYM OEKHCHETOOPUFSHTPSHTPSHTPSHTPSHTPSHPD YFOCHPZPFYP. . pDOBLP OBTPD Y PUPVEOOP BTNYS VSHMY DPCHPMSHOSCH FEN, YuFP HDBMPUSH PVEUREYUYFSH FSHM YNRETYY U CHPUFPLB RPUME FPZP, LBL CHPKOB CHUMEDUFCHYE OBRBDEOYS FSHMY DPCHPMSHOSCHS 'SBBDEOYS FSHMY DPCHPMSHOSCHYMBs. OBRTBCHMEOYY. ZETNBOULPNH OBTPDKH Y EZP BTNYY OE OHTSOB VSHMB CHPKOB U UPCHEFULYN UPA'PN. oby OBTPD Y OBYB BTNYS VSCHMY VSH YUBUFMYCHSHCH, EUMY VSHCH YN HDBMPUSH RPUME PPLPOYUBOYS 'BRBDOPK LBNRBOYY 1940 Z. RMKHYUYFSH URTBCHEDMYCHSHCHK NYT.

rPUME PLPOYUBOYS 'BRBDOPK LBNRBOYY ZYFMET OBIPDIYMUS CH 'OOFE UCHPEK UMBCSHCH, OP YUTCHSH HCE OBYUBM RPDFBUYCHBFSH ZPUKHDBTUFCHOOPE RBBDOPK LBNRBOYY ZYFMET OBIPDIYMUS CH 'OOFE UCHPEK UMBCSHCH UREDYGYPOOPZP LPTRKHUB Y'-RPD dAOLETLB. UPCHETYOOOP RTBCH VSHCHM xYOUFPO YuETYUYMMSH, LPZDB LFP UPVSHCHFYE, OEUNPFTS HAQIDA OBYUIFEMSHOSH RPFETY BOZMYUBO, BY TBUUNBFTYCHBM Y RTBDOPCHBM LBL RPVDEBLCHBOZPB LBL RPVEDHBOZPYY RPVEDHBOZP CHP'DKHYOSCHI UYM OBD ZETNBOULINI {50} . OBD DAOLETLPN Y OENOPZP RPTSE OBD BOZMYEK ZETNBOULYE CHPEOOP-ChPJDKHYOSCHE UYMSCH Y'-UB OERTBCHYMSHOPZP YI RTYNEOOYS OEUMY RBLYE FSTSEMSHCHE OEUMY FBLYE FSTSEMSHCHE RPFEMTCHUEBCHE RPFEMTCHUBM, YUFOPCHUBETB, VE' FPZP OEOBYUYFEMSHOP RTECHPUIPDUFCHP OBD BOZMYKULNIY CHPEOOP-CHP'DKHIOSCHNY UYMBNY.

h FPN, YUFP OBIY CHPEOOP-CHP'DKHYOSCHE UYMSCH OERTBCHYMSHOP RTYNEOSMYUSH, CHYOPCHOSCH CH PDYOBLPCHPK NETE LBL ZYFMET, FBL Y ZETIOZ. OH ITBVTPUFSH MEFYUYLPCH, OH YI NBUFETUFCHP, OH FBLFYLP-FEIOYUUEULYE DBOOSCH OBUYI UBNPMEFPCH OE NPZMY CHPNEUFYFSH FEEI RPFETSH, LBLYE RPOEUFYFSH FEEI RPFETSH, LBLYOB-RPOEUYUUEULYE DBOOSCH OBUYI 'B FEEUMBCHYS UCHPEZP ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEEZP Y NSZLPZP PFOPYEOYS ZYFMETB L UCHPENKH RETCHPNH URPDCHYTSOILH. fPMSHLP RPTSE ZYFMET PRTEDEMYM YUFYOOKHA GEOOPUFSH, FPYUOOEE, NBMPGEOOPUFSH ZETYOZB, OP IBTBLFETOP, YuFP PO OE TEYYMUS "RP CHOKHFTYRPMYFYUEULYN RTYYUYMYPYPYYPYYFYYYYPYYPY'N" LPNBODPCHBOYY CHPEOOP-CHPJDHYOSCHNY UYMBNY, YNEAEYE TEYBAEEE OBYOOYE DMS YUIPDDB CHPKOSHCH.

oEPDOPLTBFOP KHFCHETTSDBMY, YuFP zYFMET RYFBM UIMSHOP DPCHETYE L UCHPYN "UFBTSHCHN VPTGBN". eUMY ZPCHPTYFSH P TEKIUNBTYBME, FP LFP RTEDRPMPTSEOYE, L UPTSBMEOYA, CHETOP. rTBCHDB, ZYFMET OETEDLP RPTYGBM EZP, OP OILLPZDB OE DEMBM YI PYYVPL ZETYOZB SUOSHI CHCHCHPDPCH.

'BRBDOBS LBNRBOYS 1940 Z. CHSCCHYMB EEE PDOKH YETFKH IBTBLFETB zYFMETB. ZYFMET VSHM PUEOSH UNEM CH TBTBVPFLE UCHPYI RMBOPCH. fBLYNY RMBOBNY SCHMSMYUSH: RMBO 'BICHBFB OPTCHEZYY RMBO FBOLPCHPZP RTPTSCHB RPD UDBOPN. h PVPYI UMKHYUBSI BY UPZMBYBMUS U UBNSCHNY UNEMSCHNY RTEDMPTSEOYSNY. OP LPZDB RTY RTBLFYUEULPN PUHEEUFCHMEOYY LFYI RMBOPCH BY UFBMLYCHBMUS U RETCHSHNY FTKHDOPUFSNY, BY UDBCHBM, CH RTPFYCHPRPMPTSOPUFSH UCHPEK OERPLPMEVYNPPTSOPUFSH UCHPEK OERPLPMEVYNPPTSOPUFSH RPMYFYUEULPZP IBTBLFETB, RBUPCHBM RETED CHPEOOSHNY RTPVMENBNY, YOUFYOLFYCHOP YUKHCHUFCHHS OEDPUFBFPYUOPUFSH UCHPEK RPDZPFPCHLY CH LFPC PVMBUFY.

fBL RTPYPYMP CH OPTCHEZYY, LPZDB UFBMP UETSHESHEOSCHN RPPTSEOYE RPD OBTCHILPN Y OHTSOP VSHMP RTPUFP OBRTSYUSH OETCHSHCH, YuFPVSHCH OE XUFKHRBFSH RTPFPYCHOY. fPMSHLP VMBZPDBTS UNEMSCHN DEKUFCHYSN RPDRPMLPCHOILB ZhPO mPUVETSB Y ZEOETBMB YPDMS CH OPTCHEZY HDBMPUSH URBUFY RPMPTSEOYE.

fBL RTPYIPYMP RPD UDBOPN, LPZDB OKHTsOP VSHMP VSHCHUFTP Y BOETZYUOP YURPMSH'PCHBFSH RETCHPOBUBMSHOSCHK KHUREY, LPFPTSCHK VSHM OEPTSIDBOOP PDETTSBO OBNY, YTBBOPDBOOP OBNY, YTBBOPDBOOP, YURPMSH'PCHBFSH. ZP UPCHEFOYLPCH. OP RP RTYLBYBN ZYFMETB (RETCHSHCHK RPUFKHRYM 15 NBS, CHFPTPK 17 NBS 1940 Z.) BILAN DPMTSEO VSHM RTYPUFBOPCHYFSH OBUFHRMEOYE. FP, YuFP S OE PUFBOPCHYM OBUFHRMEOYS, OE SCHMSEFUS 'BUMHZPK zYFMETB. UBNSHY RBZHSHSHNEN RTLTBEEEE RTPPDCHICES haqida T. BB Reted Dailetllpn, YuFP RPCHPMIMP BOZYUBOBN PFPKFSHUS h Lerpufy, b Rppybpchbfshus yu oh. eUMY VSC FBOLPCHSCHE UPEDYOEOYS RPMHYUYMY RTBCHP UCHPVPDOP DEKUFCHPCHBFSH, NSCH VSHCH NPZMY VSHCHUFTEE BOZMYUBO DPUFYZOKHFS DAOLETLB Y PFTE'ENBFSHNIB Y PFTE'ENBFSHNI. lFP VShchM VSh FBLPK HDBT, LPFPTSCHK OBNOPZP KHMKHYUYM VSC RETURELFYCHSHCHSHUBDLY OBEZP DEUBOFB HAQIDA FETTYFPTYY BOZMYY, B RPUMEDOEE, CHPNPTsCFOP, 'RTPUMEDOEE, CHPNPTsCFOP, 'RTUPCHFCHPLYB. YCHPRPMPTSOSHN UFTENMEOYSN yuETYUYMMS, RPKFY HAQIDA RETEZPPCHPTSH.

vShchMB DPRHEEEOOB Y EEE PDOB PYYVLB. lHGEE RETENYTYE U ZhTBOGYEK, PLPOYUBOIE 'BRBDOPK LBNRBOYY RP DPUFYTSEOY RPVETETSSHS UTEDYENOPZP NPTS, PFLB' PF OENEDMEOOPK CHSHUBDLY CHPKUL H BZHTYOCHYULEYF YBFCHOGYHYH. HGLPZP LBOBMB Y ZYVTBMFBTB UTBH TSE RPUME PLPOYUBOYS LBNRBOYY PE ZhTBOGYY - CHUE LFP DPLBSCHCHBEF RTBCHIMSHOPUFSH KHFCHETTSDEOYS: ZYFMET VSCHM DBT UNEMSCHN, DET'OPCHEO OSCHN RTY UPUFBCHMEOYY RMBOPCH, OP ON VSHHM FTHUMYCHSHCHN RTY CHSHRPMOEOYY UCHPYI CHPEOOSCHI 'BNSHUMPCH. lHDB MHYUYE VSHMP VSH DMS ZETNBOYY, EUMY VSH ZYFMET FEBFEMSHOP Y PUFPPTTSOP RMBOYTPCHBM, VSHUFTP Y GEMEKHUFTENMEOOOP CHSHRPMOSM UCHPY RMBOSHCH, F. E. EUMYUYUYE VSHMPY. FNETSH, PDIO TB PFTETSSH!”

lBUBSUSH CHPRTPUPCH BZHTILBOULPK LBNRBOYY, UMEDHEF DPVBCHYFSH, YuFP ZYFMET CHPMBZBM VPMSHYE OBDETSDSCH HAQIDA NHUUPMYOY, OBIPDSUSH CH RMEOKH RMEOKH YUYUFYBEDUCHOYFYYUFYYUFTECHOYFKB PEOOSCHI DEKUFCHYK. PO YNYEM UMBVPE RTEDUFBCHMEOYE P NPTE CH GEMPN Y OE YNEM RPOSFYS P CHPRTPUBI, UCHSBOOOSCHU ZPURPDUFCHPN HAQIDA NPTE. with OE 'OBA, YUFBM MY PO LOYZKH BNTYLBOULPZP BDNYTBMB NYIEOB "CHMYSOYE NPTULPK NPEY OB YUFPTYA", PE CHUSLPN UMKHYUBE, CH UCHPYI DEKUFCHYSI YCHPYI DEKUFCHYSI YJYZKH BNTYLBOULPZP BDNYTBMB NYIEOB LOYSE.

h TE'KHMSHFBFE LFYI OEDPUFBFLPC MEFPN 1940 Z. BY CHOETEYFEMSHOPUFY PUFBOPCHYMUS RETED OETBTEYEOOOPK RTPVMENPK - DBFSH UCHPENKH OBTPDH NYT. po OE OBBM, LBL NPTsOP RPDUFHRIFSHUS L BOZMYUBOBN. EZP CHETNBIF OBIPYMUS CH VPECHPK ZPFPCHOPUFY. rPMOPUFSHA PFNPVYMYYPCHBOOSCH CHPPTHTSEOOSCH OE NPZMY RTEVSHCHBFSH DPMZPE CHTENS CH VEDEKUFCHYY. YUKHCHUFChPChBM, YuFP OBTECHBMB OEPVIPDYNPUFSH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH bo'yicha. OP YuFP NPZMP RTPYPKFY? UFBTSHK YDEPMPZYUEULYK RTPFYCHOIL, RTPFYCH LPFPTPZP ON CHUEZDB VPTPMUUS Y VPTSHVB U LPFPTSCHN RTYCHMELBMB HAQIDA EZP UFPPOH NBUUKH EZP YYVYTBLPFYUEULYK UFYTBLPKOPBOKFYYVYTBLPFEMBOKF UPS, BOIGE. EZP PDPMECHBM UPVMBBO HYUYOYFSH UPCHEFBN TBURMBFKH, YURPMSH'HS CHTENS, RTEDPUFBCHMSENPE ZETNBOY CHTEOOOSCHN 'BFYYSHEN HAQIDA PUOPCHOPN, 'BRBDOPN ZhTPOFE. ko'ra SUOP PUPOBCHBM FKh PRBUOPUFSH, LPFPTBBS OBCHYUMB OBD echTPRPK Y CHUEN 'BRBDPN UP UFPTPOSCH LPNNHOYNB, LPFPTSCHK OBUYE UCHPE CHPRMPEEOYE CH UPCHPEOYE CH UPCHYUMB CHPUTSCHPNYF UPCHYUMB OBD echTPRPK Y CHUEN RPDUFCHH. OBBM ON, YuFP FBLPZP NOEOYS RTDETTSYCHBEFUS VPMSHYOUFChP OBEZP OBTPDB, DBTSE PYUEOSH NOPZIE RPTSDPUOSCH ECHTPRECGSCH PE CHUEI UFTBOBI. UPCHUEN DTHZYN CHPRTPPUPN SCHMSMBUSH CHSHRPMOYNPUFSH FYI EZP YDEK CH CHPEOOPN PFOPEYOYY.

VPMSHYE Y UETSHOEEE OBUYOBM DKHNBFSH P RMBOBI CHPKOSHCHU TPUUYEK HISSI BILAN. OP EZP OEPVSHHLOPCHOOOP VPZBFBS ZHBOFBYS RTYCHPDYMB L FPNH, YuFP ON OEDPPGEOYCHBM CHUEN YICHEUFOKHA NPESH UPCHEFULPK DETSBCHSHCH. ZYFMET KHFCHETTSDBM, YuFP NPFPTYBGYS OBJENOSCHY CHPDHYOSCHI UYM PFLTSCHCHBEF OPCHSHCHE RETURELFYCHSHCH HAQIDA KHUREY, LPFPTSCHE OEMSHJS UTBCHOYFSH YPFPTYBCHLPYPZY U RETURELFSHYCHBCHLPZPZY, LPTPMS lBTMB XII obrpmepob. KhFCHETTSDBM ko'ra, YuFP NSCH NPTSE TBUUUYFSHCHBFSH HAQIDA FP, YuFP RTY KHUREYOPN OBOEOOYY RETCHSHHI HDBTPCH RP RTPPHYCHOILH EZP UPCHEFULBS ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOBS UYUFENB. OBDESMUS DBMEE, YuFP TKHUULYK OBTPD CHPURTINEF FPZDB YDEY OBGYPOBM-UPGYBMYNB BY. OP LPZDB OBYUBMBUSH CHPKOB, UMHYUMPUSH NOPZP FBLPZP, YuFP RPNEYBMP LFPNH RPChPTPFH. rMPIPE PVTBEEOYE U OBUEMEOYEN PLLHRYTPCHBOOSCHI PVMBUFEK UP UFPTPPOSH CHCHUYI RBTFYKOSCHI YOUFBOGYK, UFTENMEOYE ZYFMETB TBURKHUFYFSH TKHUULHA YNREEDSH YNREEDSH YNREEDSHYYUFYYUFY FSH FETTYFPTYY tPUUYY - CHUE LFP URMPFYMP CHUEI TKHUULYI RPD OBNEOEN uFBMYOB. UTBTSBMYUSH RTPFYCH YOPUFTBOOSCHI 'BICHBFUYYLPCH 'B "NBFKHYLH THUSH" ni kuylang.

pDOPK Y' RTYYUYO bFPZP SCHMSMPUSH OEKHCHBTSEOYE DTHZYI TBU Y OBTPDPC. CHEDSH EEE DP CHPKOSHCH POP RTPSCHMSMPUSH CH ZETNBOY CH TPLPCHPK VMY'PTHLPUFY Y VE'PFCHEFUFCHOOOPK TSEUFPLPUFY RTY PVTBEOOY Y ECHTESNY. FERETSH LFB PYYVLB RTYOINBMB IHDIYE ZHTTNSH. eUMY KHTS ZPCHPTYFSH P FPN, YuFP RPZHVYMP DEMP OBGYPOBM-UPGYBMYNB Y CHPPVEE ZETNBOYA, FP LFP - TBUPCHPE UHNBUVTPDUFChP.

ZYFMET IPFEM PVAEDYOYFSH ECHTPRH; LFP OBNETEOYE ZHATETB U UBNPZP OBYUBMB VSCHMP PVTEYUEOP O RTPCHBM, FBL LBL ON UP UCHPYN RTEOEVTETSEOYEN L TBOPPVTBOPUFY OBGYPOBMSHOSHI IBTBLFETPCH OBTFPPDUSCHUShYBCH OBTFPPDUSCHUShYBCH OBTFPPDUSCHUBchKUFBMDUSCHUFYBHB FPDBNY.

chPKOB CH tPUUYY UTBH CHSHCHSCHYMB YUFYOOSHCH Y RPFEOGYBMSHOSHE CHNPTSOPUFY ZETNBOYY. OP ZYFMET OE UDEMBM YJ LFPPZP UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEEZP CHCHCHPDB, PO Y OE DKHNBM P RTYPUFBOPCHMEOY YMY, HAQIDA RMPIPK LPOEG, PV PZTBOYUEOOY CHPEOOSCHI DEKUFCHYK; BY RTDDPMTsBM UChPA VETBUUKHDOKHA BCBOFATH. ZYFMET IPFEM DPVYFSHUS OYCHETTSEOYS TPUUYY VEURPEBDOPK TSEUFPLPUFSH. h OERPOSFOPN PUMERMEOYY BY CHUFXRIM FBLCE CH CHPKOKH U UPEDYOOOSCHNY yFBFBNY BNETYLY. TBHNEEFUS, CHPEOOSHCHK DELTEF RTEYDEOFB tKHCHEMSHFB UP'DBM CH UFTBOE FBLPE RPPTSEOYE, LPFPTPPE ZPCHPTYMP, YuFP ChPKOB OE 'B ZPTBNY. pDOBLP DP PVYASCHMEOYS CHPKOSH ZETNBOYEK NPZMP VSH RTPKFY DPCHPMSHOP NOPZP CHTENEY, EUMY VSH OZMPE CHSHCHUPLPNETYE ZYFMETB.

u LFYN YUKhDPCHYEOSHN YBZPN - PVYASCHMEOYE CHPKOSH ZETNBOYEK UPEDOOOOSCHN yFBFBN - UPCHRBMP LTHROPE RPTBTSEOYE OBUYI CHPKUL HAQIDA RPMSI UTDBTSEOYPKUL. ZYFMETPCHULBS UFTBFEZYS CH TEKHMSHFBFE PFUHFUFCHYS CH OEK RPUMEDPCHBFEMSHOPUFY YUBUFSHI LPMEVBOYK RTY RTYOSFY FPZP YMY YOPZP TEYEOYS PLBBBBBUSH VYFPMBUS. FERETSH VEUGETENPOOBS TSEUFPLPUFSH RP PFOPYEOYA L UPVUFCHEOOSCHN CHPKULBN DPMTSOB VSHMB CHPNEUFYFSH FP, YuEZP OEDPUFBCHBMP CH ZPMPCHE X LFPZP TEYYFEMSHOPELSHOPCHPB. oELPFPTPPE CHTENS LFP YNEMP KHUREY. OP OECHPNPTSOP VSHMP RTDPDPMTSYFEMSHOPE CHTENS TSYFSH CHPURPNYOBOYSNY P ZTEOBDETBI ZHTDTYIB CHEMYLPZP Y P CETFCHBI, LPFPTSHCHE POY OEUMY RP RPCHEMEOYA YOPZYFEMSHOPE CHTENS TSYFSH CHPURPNYOBOYSNY P. oEChPNPTSOP VSHMP UFBCHYFSH UCHPA UPVUFCHEOKHA MYUOPUFSH CH PDYO TSD U ZETNBOWLINE OBTPDPN Y OEDPPGEOYCHBFSH RTY LFPN EZP LMENEOFBTOSCH TSYOOOSCH RPFTEVOPUFY.

RETEIPTSKH L MYUOSCHN LBYUEUFCHBN ZYFMETB, LBLPCHSHCHNY S YI UEVE RTEDUFBCHMSA. lBLPCH VShchM EZP PVTB TsYYOY? ZYFMET VSHM CHESEFBTYBOEG, BMLPZPMSHOSHI OBRYFLPCH OE KHRPFTEVMSM, OE LHTYM. UBNY RP UEVE LFP VSHHMY LBYUEUFCHB, DPUFPKOSHCHE HCHBTSEOYS, LBYUEUFCHB, ZBTNPOYTHAEYE U EZP KHVETSDEOYEN Y UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE EZP BULEFYUEULPNHJPVYTBJ. OP VSHMB KH OEZP Y TPLPCHBS YETFB CH IBTBLFETE - 'BNLOKHFPUFSH, UBNPHEDYOEOYE. x OEZP OE VSHMP OH PDOPZP OBUFPSEEZP DTHZB. dBCE EZP UFBTSHCHE RBTFYKOSHCHE LPMMEZY VSHCHMY CHUEZP MYYSH EZP URPDCHYTSOILBNY, OP PFOADSH OE DTHYSHSNY. oBULPMSHLPNOE YJCHEUFOP, ZYFMET OH ULEN Oye RPDDETSYCHBM DTHCEUFCHEOOSCHI PFOPEEOIK. OYLPNH ON OE TBUULBSCHBM P UCHPYI UPLTPCHEOOSCHI NSHUMSI, OH U PDOYN YUEMPCHELPN OE VUEEDPCHBM PFLTPCHEOOP. OBKFY UEVE DTHJEK tomonidan lBL OE neftni qayta ishlash zavodi, YNEFSH URPUPVOPUFEK tomonidan FBL OE neftni qayta ishlash zavodi UFTBUFOP Y UETSHOP MAVYFSH TSEOOEYOKH. FBL Y PUFBMUS IPMPUFSLPN bo'yicha. DEFEC X OEZP OYLPZDB OE VSHMP. CHUE, YuFP DEMBEF YENOKHA TSYOSH UCHSEOOOPK - DTHTSVB U VMBZPTPDODOSCHNY MADSHNY, YUYUFBS MAVPCHSH L TSEOOEYOE, MAVPCHSH L UCHPYN DEFSN, - CHUE LFP VSHMP UCHETCHETOOPH YFPCHETOODP. pDYOPLP YEM ON RP NYTH, RPNEYBOOSCHK HAQIDA UCHPYI ZYZBOFULYI RMBOBI. noe NPZHF CHPTBYFSH, KHLBSCCHBS HAQIDA DTHTSEULYE PFOPYEOYS ZYFMETB Y ECHSHCH VTBHO; S MYUOP OYLPZDB OYUEZP OE OBM PV LFYI PFOPYEOSI, OILPZDB OE CHYDEM ECHSH VTBHO, IPFS, VSHCHBMP NEUSGBNY, RPYUFY LBTSDSCHK DEOSH CHUFTEYUBMUS Y ZYFMTYVSETPYZP U ZYFMTYVSETPYZP. th FPMSHLP HCE OBIPDSUSH H RMEOKH, S KHOOBM P EZP YUKHCHUFCHBI L LFPC TsEOEYOE. oP, L UPTSBMEOYA, eCHB vTBHO, PYUECHYDOP, OE PLBSCCHBMB HAQIDA ZYFMETB OILBLLPZP CHMYSOYS. yNEOOP POB UNPZMB VSCH, NPTsEF VSCHFSH, UNSZYUYFSH EZP YUKHCHUFCHB.

fBLPCH VSHM DYLFBFPT ZETNBOYY, MYYEOOOSCHK NHDTPUFY YUKHCHUFCHB NETSCH UCHPYI LHNYTPCH - ZhTDTYIB CHEMYLPZP Y vYUNBTLB, PDYOPLP Y F VEURPNYPEOP TCHBFCHENBH, CE ULBFSHCHBCHYKUS PF OEKHDBYUY L OEKHDBYUE, PDETSYNSCHK CHUEZDB ZYZBOFULYNY RMBOBNY, CHUEZDB RTYVEZBCHYK L UBNSCHN RPUMEDOYN UTEDUFCHBN DMS DPUFYTSEOYS, UYUYFBCHYYK UCHPA MYUOPUFSH PMYGEFCHPTEOYEN OBGYY.

RTECHTBBEBM OPIUSH CH DEOSH tomonidan. vShchMP HCE DBMELP 'B RPMOPYUSH, B CH EZP LBVYOEFE PDYO DPLMBDUYL UNEOSMUS DTHZYN.

dP LBFBUFTPZHSCH RPD uFBMYOZTBDPN BY YOPZDB KHUFTBYCHBM YUBUSCH PFDSCHIB, RTPCHPDS YI CH LTHZH TBVPFOYLPCH CHETIPCHOPZP LPNBODPCHBOYS CHPPTHTSEOOSHI UYM. rPFPN ON UFBM RTYOINBFSH RYEH PDYO, TEDLP RTYZMBYBS PDOPZP YMY DCHHI ZPUFEK. fPTPRMYCHP UYAEDBM ON UCHPY PChPEOSCH YMY NHYUOSCH VMADB, 'BRICHS YI IMPPDOPK CHPDK YMY UPMPDPCCHN RYCHPN. 'BUMHYBCH RPUMEDOYK CHYUETOYK DPLMBD, BY YUBUBNY RTPUYTSYCHBM UP UCHPYNY BDYAAFBOFBNY Y UELTEFBTYBNY, PVUKHTsDBS DP TBUUCHEFB UCHPY RMBOSHCH. 'BFEN po MPTSIMUS URBFSh. pFDSCHIBM PYUEOSH NBMP; LPZDB KHVPTEIGSHCH CH 9 YUBU. KHVYTBMY EZP URBMSHOA, BY VSHM HTSE HAQIDA OPZBI rTYOINBM OECHETPSFOP ZPTSYUKHA CHBOOH, YUFPVSH RTPZOBFSH UPOMYCHPUFSH. rPLB CHUE YMP IPTPYP, OE VSHMP PYUECHYDOSCHI RPUMEDUFCHYK FBLPK OEOPTNBMSHOPK TSYYOY. lPZDB TSE RPUMEDPCHBMP PDOP RPTBTSEOYE 'B DTKHZYN, LPZDB OETCHSH OBYUBMY OE CHSHCHDETSYCHBFSH, ZYFMET UFBM CHUE YUBEE Y YUBEE RTOYNBFSH MELBTUFCHB; ENKH DEMBMY CHRTSHCHULICHBOYE DMS KHLTERMEOYS UOB, DMS RTDBOYS PTZBOYINH VPDTPUFY, DMS XURPLPEOYS UETDGB. EZP MYYUOSCHK CHTBYu nPTEMSH DBCHBM ENKH CHUE, YuFP FPF FTEVPCHBM, OP RBGYEOF OETEDLP OE UPVMADBM RTEDRYUBOOPK ENKH DPYTPCHLY, PUPVEOOOP NOPP PO RTOYUOSCHKYBYBFYFDYNBFYBYBY, CHUE LFP RPDFBUYCHBMP RPUFEROOOP EZP FEMP Y DKHYKH.

lPZDB S KHCHYDEM ZYFMETB RPUME LBFBUFTPZHSCH RPD uFBMYOZTBDPN (S OE CHUFTEYUBMUS U OYN 14 NEUSGECH), S 'BNEFYM, UFP ON UIMSHOP Y'NEOMUS. MECHBS THLB FTSUMBUSH, UBN PO UZPTVIYMUS, ZMBB OBCHHLBFE UNPFTEMY BUFSHCHYYN, RPFHIYYN CHZMSDPN; EELY VSHMY RPLTSCHFSH LTBUOSCHNY RSFOBNY. UFBM EEE VPMEE TBBDTBTSYFEMSHOSHCHN, FETSM CH ZOECHE TBCHOPCHUEYE, OE PFDBCHBM UEVE OILBLLPZP PFUEFB CH FPN, UFP PO ZPCHPTYM Y LBLYE TEYEOYS RTYOINBM ko'ra. pLTKhTSBCHYE EZP MADI RTYCHSHLMY L CHSHCHIPDLBN ZYFMETB, UP UFPTPOSCH TSE RTYOBLY EZP CHUE VPMSHYEZP 'BVPMECHBOYS UVBOPCHYMYUSH CHUE VPMEE PYUECHYDOSCHYDOSCH. rPUME RPLHOYEOYS, UPCHETYEOOPZP HAQIDA OEZP 20 YAMS 1944 Z., X zYFMETB RPDETZYCHBMBUSH OE FPMSHLP MECHBS THLB, OP Y CHUS MECHBS RPMPCHYOB FHMPCHYEB. lPZDB ON WE'LE LERAVE, FP MECHHA THLKH RTDETTSYCHBM RTBCHPK, RTBCHHA OPZKH LMBM HAQIDA MECHHA, YUFPVSH UDEMBFS NEOEE OBNEFOSHCHN YI OETCHOPE RPDETZYCHBOIE. EZP RPIPDLB UFBMB CHSMPC, UHFHMPK, DCHYTSEOYS - PUEOSH NEDMEOOSHNY. lPZDB UBDYMUS, FTEVPCHBM, YuFPVSH ENKH RPDUFBCHMSMY UFKhM. rP IBTBLFETH TSE RP-RTETSOENKH VSHM CHURSHCHMSHYUCHSCHN; OP LFB CHURSHCHMSHYUCHPUFSH YNEMB YuFP-FP'MPCHEEEE, RPFPNH YuFP POB YUIPDYMB Y' OECHETYS CH MADEK, Y' UFTENMEOYS ULTSHFSH UCPE ZHYYYUUEULPE, DKHYYYUUEULPE, DKHYYYUUEULPE, DKHYYYUUEULPE, DKHYYYUUEULPE. tomonidan RPUFPSOOP UFTENYMUS L FPNKH, YUFPVSH CHCHEUFY UEVS Y PLTHTSBAEYI CH 'BVMHTSDEOOYE PFOPUYFEMSHOP YUFYOOPZP RPPTSEOYS CHEEK, RSCHFBSUSH UPITBOYSCFSH ZPFSH UPITBOYSCFSH UBPUCHNTUF ZPFYPUCHPYPDH FCHEOOPZP 'DBOYS.

y KHRPTUFCHPN ZHBOBFILB ON ICHBFBMUS, LBL KhFPRBAEIK, 'B UPMPNYOLKH, YUFPVSH URBUFY PF LBFBUFTPZhSH UEVS Y UCHPE DEM. CHUA UCHPA OECHETPSFOHA UYMKH CHPMY ON ORTTBCHMSM HAQIDA NSCHUMSH, U LPFPTPK ON RPUFPSOOP OPUYMUS: “OYLPZDB OE KHUFKHRBFSH, OYLPZD

Reyndagi muvaffaqiyatidan keyin Gitler muammolarga alohida e'tibor berishda davom etdi tashqi siyosat. U eski partiyadoshlaridan borgan sari uzoqlasha boshladi, ularni kamroq qabul qildi, uning benuqsonligiga shubha qilganlarga nisbatan murosasizlik ko'rsatdi.

Ba'zida Fuhrer melankoliyaga tushib qoldi. Bir kuni singlisi Anjela bilan villasining ayvonida o‘tirgan Gitler unga bir bo‘lak yer sotayotganda qo‘shnisi Bauer uni ming markadan aldaganini va u juda xafa bo‘lganini bildi. - Eshiting, Adolf, - dedi opa, - bir necha o'n yillardan keyin "Obersaltsberg chol" bo'lganingizda, bu ming marka unchalik katta yo'qotish bo'lmaydi. Gitler to'xtab qoldi, so'ng uning yelkasiga qo'lini qo'yib javob berdi: "Birinchidan, bu ming arzimas narsa emas, keyin, aziz Anjela, men hech qachon "Obersalzberg chol" bo'lmayman, menda juda oz vaqt bor."

Yozning oxiriga kelib, ularning munosabatlari, asosan, tufayli sezilarli darajada murakkablashdi salbiy munosabat Furerning singlisi "ahmoq sigir" deb atagan Eva Braunga farishtalar.

Ammo o'gay ukasini xo'jayiniga qarshi qaytarishga qaratilgan barcha urinishlar muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi. Aksincha, Eva ikkinchi muvaffaqiyatsiz o'z joniga qasd qilganidan so'ng, Gitler o'z sevgilisiga ehtiyotkorlik bilan munosabatda bo'lishni boshladi va tez orada unga Eva singlisi bilan birga yashagan kvartiradan unchalik uzoq bo'lmagan 30 ming markaga shinam ikki qavatli uy sotib oldi.

Gitler o'z xo'jayini Berchtesgadenga tez-tez olib kela boshladi, bu Anjelani g'azablantirdi, u hatto qo'lini silkitishdan ham bosh tortdi. Oxir-oqibat, qarindoshlar o'rtasidagi munosabatlar butunlay yomonlashdi va 1936 yil kuzida Anjela Drezdendagi qurilish maktabining direktoriga uylandi. Gitler to'yda "band bo'lgani uchun" qatnashmadi.

Tez orada rekonstruksiya qilingan, kengaytirilgan va Berghof nomli hashamatli saroyga aylangan villaning amaldagi egasi Eva bo‘ldi. Uning uchun Gitlerning kvartirasi yonida joylashgan yotoqxona, budoir va hammom jihozlangan. Villani rekonstruksiya qilish Martin Bormannning zimmasida edi, u qanchalik kichik ko'rinmasin, barcha masalalarda Fuhrer ostida ajralmas shaxs ekanligini isbotlash uchun hamma narsani qildi. Bir kuni kechki ovqat paytida Gitler taomini sous bilan tatib ko'rdi va unda nima borligini so'radi. Bormann stoldan turib, bir necha soatdan so‘ng, Berlinga bo‘lgan g‘azablangan telefon qo‘ng‘iroqlaridan so‘ng, hayron qolgan Gitlerga e’lon qildi: “Mening fyurerim, bu sousda quyidagi ingredientlar bor...” Bormann qo‘l ostidagilarga boshqacha munosabatda bo‘ldi. Bir kuni, Xessning shaxsiy kotibi Xildegard Fathga matn yozayotganda, u ko'zoynagini yechishni buyurdi. Qiz e'tiroz bildirdi, keyin u shunchaki ularni yechib, ikkiga bo'lib: "Siz ularsiz ham go'zalroqsiz", dedi.

Uning boshiga bulutlar to'planib borayotganini tushungan Xanfstaengl o'g'liga 15 yoshida hamma narsani aytib berdi. Egon uchun bu kashfiyot emas edi: u uzoq vaqtdan beri Gitler juda o'zgarganini payqagan va otasiga hijrat qilish haqida o'ylashni taklif qilgan. Har holda, Hanfstaengl harakat rejasini tuzdi: u o'g'liga "balki" so'zlari bilan boshlangan shartli iborani aytganda, Egon bu haqda hech kimga, hatto onasiga ham aytmasdan darhol Shveytsariyaga ketishi kerak bo'ladi. Qasos bo'lmaydi, chunki u eridan ajrashgan.

Olti oy o'tgach, bu rejani amalga oshirish kerak edi. Hanfstaenglga zudlik bilan Ispaniyaga uchib ketish buyurilgan, go'yoki o'sha mamlakatdagi nemis jurnalistlarining manfaatlarini himoya qilish uchun. Samolyotda uchuvchi unga Qizil hudud ustidan parashyutda sakrashi kerakligini aytdi. Hanfstaengl e'tiroz bildirdi: bu o'lim hukmi. Uchuvchi hamdardlik bildirdi va bu Geringning buyrug'i ekanligini aytdi. Ammo tez orada bitta dvigatel ishlamay qoldi va uchuvchi yo'lovchiga ma'noli qarab, favqulodda qo'nishga majbur bo'lishini aytdi. Qo'ngandan so'ng, Hanfstaengl ko'rsatmalar olish uchun go'yoki Berlinga qo'ng'iroq qilish uchun bordi. Qaytib kelgach, u uchuvchiga fyurer unga uyga qaytishni buyurgani haqida xabar berdi. Keyin u Myunxenga ketayotgan poyezdga o‘tirdi, u yerda u Tsyurix ekspressiga o‘tdi va Syurixdan Egonga qo‘ng‘iroq qilib, shartli iborani aytdi. O'g'li chamadonini yig'di, to'pponcha va Gitlerning fotosuratini o'z imzosi bilan olib, poezdga o'tirdi va otasining oldiga eson-omon yetib keldi.

Joriy sahifa: 6 (kitob jami 19 sahifadan iborat)

Shrift:

100% +

4.1. Gitlerning ichki doirasi, davlat elitasining tarkibi

Gitlerni qanday odamlar qurshab olgan? Elita qanday edi? Gitler uni qanday tanladi?

Gitlerning ichki doirasining shaxsiy xususiyatlarini tahlil qilish uchun ishlab chiqilgan metodologiya qabul qilindi: elita o'z psixotipini o'zgartirishi, kompensatsiya va giperkompensatsiya mexanizmlarini o'z ichiga olishi kerak, aks holda u xalqni boshqara olmaydi, uni boshqara olmaydi. tarix burilishlariga mos ravishda o'zgaradi. Yangi davlatni barpo eta boshlagan va barpo eta boshlagan Gitler atrofidagilar ham shunday fazilatlarga ega edilar.

Gitlerning ichki doiralari M. Bormann, G. Himmler, J. Gebbels, G. Gering, G. Gess, R. Geydrich, G. Myuller, V. Keytel, A. Rosenberg va boshqalar.

Gitler atrofidagi deyarli har bir kishi kompensatsiya va ortiqcha kompensatsiya mexanizmlarini tizimli ravishda kiritish bilan ajralib turardi. Ya'ni, hayot yo'lida ularning shaxsiyatida turli xil komplekslarni, ko'pincha pastlik, nomukammallik majmuasini shakllantirgan narsa bor edi. Ular ushbu komplekslarni engib o'tishni xohlashdi va bu ularni taraqqiyot va ijtimoiy yutuqlarda oldinga surdi. Ko'pincha bu impuls ongsizdan keladi. Bu birinchi jahon urushidagi mag'lubiyatdan va Germaniya uchun haqoratli tinchlik tuzilganidan keyin ko'pchilik nemislarning ruhiy holatiga to'g'ri keldi. Bu xalqning umumiy ruhi bilan rezonanslashdi.

Uchinchi Reyx rahbarlarini harakatga keltirgan psixologik mexanizmlarning umumiyligi mavjud. Har bir inson o'tmishda qandaydir keskinlik, muammolarga duch keldi, bu esa kompensatsiya va ortiqcha kompensatsiya mexanizmlarini ishga tushirishga yordam berdi.

Gitler tibbiy sabablarga ko'ra armiyaga chaqirilmagan. Urush boshida ko'ngilli bo'lgan. Ular meni san'at akademiyasiga o'qishga qabul qilishmadi va hokazo.

Keytel. Oila afsonasiga ko'ra, u fermer bo'lish umididan voz kechishga qaror qilganida deyarli yig'lab yubordi. Ko'z yoshlari bilan harbiy yo'lni tanladi. Ushbu qarorning foydasiga o'sha davrdagi o'rta darajadagi fermerlarning yangi avlodiga xos bo'lgan bir dalil bor edi: agar siz fermer bo'lolmasangiz, unda sizning martabangizga faqat ofitserlik kasbi mos keladi. Ammo ofitserlar korpusi, hech bo'lmaganda Germaniyaning kichik shimoliy va markaziy mintaqalarida faqat Prussiyadan iborat edi. Bunday kuchli antiprussiya an'analariga ega bo'lgan oila uchun ofitser bo'lish naqadar xo'rlik edi!

Himmler ko'rish qobiliyati zaif edi. Meni dengiz flotiga olib ketishmadi.

Gebbels. Erta bolaligida azoblangan kasallik natijasida u oqsoqlanib qolgan, o'ng oyog'i deformatsiyalangan. Oqsoqligi tufayli u harbiy xizmatga yaroqsiz deb topildi. U o'zining jismoniy zaifligini keskin va og'riqli his qilardi, chunki u doimo o'z o'rtoqlarining uni "kichkina sichqonchani shifokori" deb atagan haqoratli masxaralarini orqasida his qildi. Uning yaralangan g'ururi unda chuqur nafratni keltirib chiqardi, bu kelajakda sog'lom, ko'k ko'zli "aryan" tomoshabinlar oldida chiqish qilish zarurati tufayli yanada kuchaydi.

Gebbels erta qoniqmagan bema'nilik azobini boshdan kechirdi. Uning oilasi hurmatli o'rta sinfga kirish uchun har qanday qurbonlik qilishga tayyor edi. Sovuq qish oqshomlarida bola muzlab qolgan barmoqlari bilan pianino (burjuaizm ramzi) chalar, isitish uchun pul yo'qligi sababli qopqog'ini chuqurroq tortardi. Yozuvchi yoki jurnalist bo‘lishni orzu qilgan Gebbels maktab va gimnaziyani tugatgach, otasining xohishiga qarshi gumanitar fanlarni o‘rganishni tanladi.

Rozenberg - poyabzalchi va estoniyalik onaning o'g'li. Bu uni aristokratik muhit orasida marginal qildi.

Borman Otliqlar polkida serjant oilasida tug‘ilgan u o‘qishni tashlab, fermada ishlagan.

Gitler atrofidagilarning aksariyati hukmron elitadan emas, elitadan emas, balki u erga kirishni orzu qilgan. Har bir inson qiyinchiliklarni, qiyinchiliklarni, masxaralarni boshdan kechirdi. Har bir inson, u yoki bu darajada, o'zi bilan kurashgan o'zini pastlik tuyg'usiga ega edi.

Gitler atrofidagi odamlarning aksariyati nasroniylikka nisbatan tanqidiy, shubhali munosabat bilan ajralib turardi. Yangi dinga intilish, tasavvufga moyillik bor edi. Har bir inson hayot yo'lidagi qiyinchiliklar bilan ajralib turadi, bunday biografik voqealar kompensatsiya va ortiqcha kompensatsiya mexanizmlarini kiritishga yordam berdi.

A.Gitlerning yaqin doirasi yangi elitaning yuqori qatlami vakillari, ularning ortida esa SS va NSDAP a'zolari turardi.

8-jadval. 1930 yildagi NSDAP va nemis jamiyati tuzilishini solishtirish

9-jadval. 1935 yildagi NSDAP va nemis jamiyati tuzilishini solishtirish

Partiyadagi turli ijtimoiy guruhlarning vakilligi umuman barqarorligicha qoldi. NSDAP a'zolarining mutlaq ko'pchiligi hali ham o'rta qatlam vakillari edi. NSDAP mansabdor shaxslari korpusining tarkibi haqida ham shunday deyish mumkin.

10-jadval. Partiya mansabdor shaxslarining ijtimoiy tarkibi

Kreisleiterlar orasida - tuman miqyosidagi partiya amaldorlari - xodimlar, amaldorlar va mustaqil ishchilar eng keng tarqalgan edi. NSDAPning kichik shahar va qishloq tashkilotlarini boshqargan Orteggruppen va Stutzpunktleiter orasida dehqonlar va ma'lum darajada ishchilar ko'proq uchraydi. Ammo bu erda ham o'rta qatlam vakillarining ustunligi mavjud. "Uchinchi imperiya"dagi Gauleiters va Stadthalterlarning muhim qismi sobiq o'qituvchilar edi. Davlatni yaqinda uning chekkasida bo'lgan, mag'lub bo'lgan, ijtimoiy obro'-e'tibor zinapoyasida yuqoriga ko'tarilishga umidi kam, nimadandir norozi, lekin hamma narsani yangicha yo'l bilan tiklashga intilayotgan odamlar boshqargan.

SS a'zolari elitaning o'zagiga aylandi.

4.2. SS - elita ishlab chiqarish markazi

SS fashistlar elitasining yadrosidir va shu bilan birga u qisqa vaqt ichida yangi elita yaratishga urinishning namunasidir. Bu fashistlar reyxining asosi. SS g'oyasini Gitlerning o'zi ixtiro qilgan.

Knopp G. taʼkidlaydi: “SS tashkiloti nemis jamiyatining koʻzgu tasviriga aylandi. Uning fuqarolarining aksariyati "mutlaqo oddiy odamlar" bo'lib, ular mutlaqo g'ayritabiiy sharoitlarda jinoyatchiga aylanishdi ... Jinoyatchi bo'lganlarning hammasi ham yomonlik qilayotganlarini anglab etishmadi.

SSni shakllantirish printsipi tug'ilish emas, intellektual qobiliyatlar emas, balki boyligining kattaligi emas, balki

- jismoniy salomatlik, olijanob ko'rinish;

- kelib chiqishi sofligi. SSga faqat naslli nemislar qabul qilindi.

Natijada, tashkilot tarkibiga ushbu elita qo'shinlarida martaba qilishni istagan jamiyatning barcha qatlamlari vakillari kirdi. Bular dehqonlar, zodagonlar, ishchilar, lekin bir necha avlodlar uchun ular nemislardir. Shu bilan birga, nomzod qaysi muhitdan bo'lishidan qat'i nazar - ishchi yoki dehqon - tanlangan va aristokratik xususiyatlarga ega bo'lishi kerak edi. Qanday bo'lmasin, SS a'zolariga qo'yiladigan talab aniq - SS odami qulga o'xshamaydi. SS qo'shinlari Germaniyaning yangi zodagonlari sifatida joylashtirildi. Aslini olganda, an'anaviy zodagonlikni yangi, samaraliroq, samaraliroq bilan almashtirishga harakat qilindi.

Gitler 1943 yilda shunday degan edi: "Bizning tartibimiz nemis xalqini va butun Evropani o'z atrofida birlashtirgan elita ittifoqi sifatida kelajakka kiradi... Biz doimo elitizm qonuniga bo'ysunamiz, eng yuqorisini tanlaymiz va eng pastini tashlaymiz".

SSning ichki kodeksi qabul qilindi. Ushbu kodning shiori "Mening sharafim sodiqlik deb ataladi". Ushbu kodga ko'ra, SS a'zolari har qanday vazifani bajarishga tayyor bo'lishlari kerak edi. SS qo'shinlarida harbiy do'stlik rivojlandi, bu erda qo'mondon shunchaki tengdoshlarning eng yaxshisi edi. Urush barcha ustki tuzilmalarni yo'q qiladi, eng muhimi qoladi va bu unvon emas, balki boshqa narsa, ichki narsa ... SS bunga tayangan.

Har doim sodir bo'ladigan iflos ishlar uchun maxsus jazolovchi SS bo'linmalari yaratilgan. Shunday qilib, SSda "Dirlewanger" jazo bataloni bor edi. Unga jinoyatchilar va lager asirlari kirgan. Ular jazoladilar, ommaviy vahshiylik qildilar. Varshavada isyonchilarni qirg'in qilish ularning ishi. Ammo SS qo'shinlarining asosiy qismi jazo choralarida ishtirok etmadi.

Germaniyada barcha nemislar qasamyod qildilar. Qasamyod matni qisqa. Harbiylar shunday dedilar: "Men Xudo oldida muqaddas qasamyod qilaman: men xalqim va Vatanimga sodiq va halol xizmat qilishga va har qanday vaqtda o'zimni qurbon qilishga tayyorman". Ammo Hindenburg vafotidan so'ng, tom ma'noda 2 hafta o'tgach, qasamyod matni A. Gitler manfaatlarini ko'zlab o'zgartirildi: «Men Xudo oldida ushbu muqaddas qasamni ichaman: Germaniya imperiyasi rahbari va xalqiga so'zsiz bo'ysunishga qasamyod qilaman, Oliy Bosh Qo'mondon qurolli kuchlar Adolf Gitler va jasur askar kabi, har doim o'zini qurbon qilishga tayyor."

Nemislar uchun qasamyodga rioya qilish sharaf ishiga aylandi. Va bu sodiqlik qandaydir tarzda oqlanishi kerak edi. Ushbu oqlanish Gitlerning shaxsiyatida va Fuhrerga bo'lgan muhabbat shaklida ijobiy izlanishga olib keldi. Nemislar unga bo'lgan sevgi tuyg'ulariga ergashdilar, chunki ular qasam ichdilar va boshqacha qila olmadilar.

SS a'zolarining qasamyodi neopagan uslubida romantik marosimlar bilan o'ralgan edi.

Shon-sharaf, sadoqat, burch, itoatkorlik tamoyillari Prussiya monarxlari qirollik gvardiyasining eng muhim qadriyatlari hisoblanadi. Bu nemislarning tarixiy ruhiga mos edi. SS a'zolari uchun 15 ta jangovar qoidalar ishlab chiqilgan.

- Maqsadingiz - g'alaba qozonish istagi.

- Sizning yo'lingiz qiyin mashg'ulot.

- Sizning qon rishtalaringiz harbiy birodarlikdir.

- Sizning muvaffaqiyatingiz jamoaning muvaffaqiyatidir.

- Jangda shafqatsiz, ammo olijanob bo'ling.

- Sizning asosiy qoidangiz - temir intizom.

- Sizning qoidangiz - ichki taqdir sifatida intizom.

– intizom – qo‘mondonga so‘zsiz bo‘ysunish.

- Taqdirni vasvasaga solmang - siz g'alabani mag'lubiyatga aylantirasiz.

- Qaror qabul qilishdan qochmang.

- Mas'uliyatni o'rtoqlaringizga yuklamang.

- Yodingizda bo'lsin, g'olib har doim kamtar.

- Mag'lubiyatga uchraganingizda, bo'sh bahonalar aytmang.

- Eslab qoling, asosiy sabab o'zingizni mag'lub qiling.

- Ritsar bo'ling, jangda va hayotda o'zingizni qanday tutish kerak bo'lsa, shunday tuting.

Bu ko'rsatmalar tarixdan, nemislarning qalbidan kelib chiqqan. Ruslar uchun ruslar xudojo'y xalq ekanligi va Moskva Uchinchi Rim ekanligi va hech qachon to'rtinchisi bo'lmasligi aniq bo'lganidek, nemislarning eng yaxshi vakillari uchun qabul qilingan xatti-harakatlar tamoyillarini e'lon qilish odatiy hol edi. Qatl avvalgidek edi, lekin bular e'lon qilingan tamoyillar edi. Dastlab, xalq rad etmaydigan axloqiy me'yorlarga urg'u berildi.

Natsistlar qo'shinlarning ta'limiga tayandilar. Kundalik mashg'ulotlar va treninglar bo'lib o'tdi. Darslarni o'tkazish usullari zombilarga yaqin edi.

Nemislar o'zlarining eksklyuzivligiga katta ishonishgan. Bu o'sha yillarda fashistlar va nemislar tomonidan yaratilgan dunyo rasmining skeleti. Nemislar urushda mag'lub bo'la boshlaganlarida ham, ular dunyoning bu shakllangan rasmini, shakllangan e'tiqodlarini o'zgartirmadilar. Ular shunchaki ruslarni oriylar deb tan olishdi. Agar ularning qarashlari haqiqatga to'g'ri kelmasa, ular qasam ichgan holda e'tiqodlarini o'zgartirishdan ko'ra, haqiqat bunday emasligini tan olishadi. Shunday qilib, natsistlar lo'lilarni quvg'in qila boshladilar va hatto ularni yo'q qila boshladilar, lekin ular nemislarga qaraganda oriylarga yaqinroq ekanliklarini anglab etgach, kompaniya o'z-o'zidan yo'q bo'lib ketdi.

SS mafkurasi ham arxetiplarga, yosh nemislar ona suti bilan, birinchi ertaklari bilan singdiradigan narsalarga asoslangan edi. Millatning nasroniygacha bo'lgan buyuk o'tmishi haqidagi g'oya aka-uka Grimmlar, Gettingen va Berlin universitetlari professorlarining ertaklari bilan yosh nemislar ongiga kirdi. Ular "Qadimgi nemis Meistergesang to'g'risida", "Atirgullar gulzori", "Bechora Genrix" o'rta asr matnlarini, "German qahramonlik ertaklari" tadqiqotini, "Bolalar va oila ertaklari", "Nemis afsonalari" to'plamlarini nashr etdilar. Ushbu nashrlar ularning tarixiy o'tmishiga jamoatchilik e'tiborini kuchaytirdi. Ertaklar ijtimoiy ongning chuqur tuzilmalariga va bolalikdan ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Ular nemis xalqining eng muhim arxetiplarini mustahkamladilar.

SSda nigoh asosan qahramonlik o'tmishiga qaratildi. Damashq pichoqlarini zarb qilish qayta tiklandi ... Himmler SS a'zolari uchun duel o'tkazishga ruxsat berdi. Marosimlar oqlandi, ularni amalga oshirish qoidalari belgilandi.

Belgilar va SS belgilari ehtiyotkorlik bilan tanlangan. O'rgimchak xochi - Helena Blavatskiyning shaxsiy timsoli. Bu Gitler 6 yoshida xorda kuylagan Avstriyaning sharqiy qismidagi Lambax monastirining ramzi. Svastika ushbu monastirga kirish tepasidagi plitaga o'yilgan. Bu belgi juda qadimiy hisoblanadi. U skiflarning jabduqlarida, Hindistonda, Tibetda topilgan. Gitlerning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu "har doim antisemitizm bo'lgan va bo'ladigan ijodiy mehnat g'oyasi" ning ramzi. Bir yo'nalishda aylanish - kuch, teskari yo'nalishda - bilim.

Natsistlar o'zlarining eksklyuzivligini o'tmishda, tarixda tasdiqlashga intilishdi. Nafaqat o‘tmishdagi xalq yetakchilarining tarixiy an’analari o‘rganildi. Shunday qilib, turli versiyalarda shohlar o'zlarining 12 ritsarlari bilan stolda qaror qabul qilganlarida, an'ana takrorlangan. Ko'pincha u bir qal'ada yoki boshqasida edi. Wewelsburg qal'asi SS qo'shinlarining tayanchiga aylandi. U o'z ichiga olgan Davra suhbati qirol Artur stoliga o'xshaydi. Qal'ada majlislar zali, qurol-yarog'lar zali, kutubxona, sud zali, mashg'ulot xonalari, oliy qo'mondonlar zali, buyuk nemis qirollari nomidagi zallar, oriy madaniyati muzeyi bo'lib, u erda Nayzaning aniq nusxasi bor edi. Taqdir. Paladinlar, ustalarning kullari va ularning uzuklari qaytarilgan dafn zali.

Bu Gitler va SS rahbariyatiga ko'ra, 1000 yillik Reyxning ruhiy markazi edi.

Natsistlarga ota-bobolari yordam bergan deb ishonilgan. Bunday aloqalarda alohida rol Birinchi jahon urushida qatnashgan mansab zobiti Karl Uilgutga tegishli edi. Aynan u o'limning bosh halqasini ishlab chiqdi. Dastlab u faxriylarni taqdirlash uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Keyin - 3 yil xizmat qilgan va benuqson rekordga ega bo'lgan eng obro'lilarni taqdirlash. 1938 yildan beri barcha o'liklarning uzuklari "tushgan o'rtoqlarning ko'rinmas mavjudligining ramzi" sifatida saqlash uchun qasrga o'tkazildi. Uzukning ichki tomonida egasining ismi va yetkazib berish vaqti bo‘rttirilgan. Ichkarida ikkita rune ham bosildi - ZIG va rune - MAN. Urush oxiriga kelib 14500 ta uzuk topshirildi. Ularning yarmidan ko'pi Veelsburgga qaytdi. 1945 yil 31 martda qal'a portlatib yuborildi.

SS a'zolaridan doimiy tozalashlar bo'lgan. SS a'zoligidan chiqarishning asosiy sabablari qonunbuzarliklar edi oila kodi va behuda jinsiy aloqa ...

SS tarkibida yuzlab kazaklar, turkmanlar, Zakavkaz polklari va boshqa millat vakillaridan iborat polklar bor edi. SS tarkibida 3,5 ming hindistonlik xizmat qilgan.

Urush boshlanishidan oldin SS a'zoligiga qabul qilish an'anaviy bo'lib, tarixiy joziba elementlarini o'z ichiga olgan.

9 noyabr - Myunxen Putsch, natsizm tarixidagi tarixiy voqea. SS nomzodi birinchi marta formasini kiydi, ammo nishonsiz.

30 aprel - rahbarning tug'ilgan kuni - arizachi doimiy sertifikat oldi. Shuningdek, u SS elkama-kamarlarini oldi.

Shundan so'ng, 1 oktyabrgacha u sport standartlarini topshirishi va SS ichki kodini o'rganishi kerak edi.

Hissiyot eksklyuzivlik bu barcha harakatlar bilan kuchaygan. Bunga o'z joniga qasd qilishni qonuniylashtirish ham yordam berdi. Agar siz muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan bo'lsangiz, unda SS a'zosi sifatida o'z joniga qasd qilish orqali o'zingizni oqlashingiz mumkin.

SS a'zolari urushda tez-tez halok bo'lishdi. Bu SS odamlarining o'zlarini ayamaganliklarining belgisidir. Urush paytida 250 mingdan ortiq SS askarlari halok bo'ldi. 1945 yil may oyiga kelib SS qo'shinlarida yaradorlar soni 400 ming kishini tashkil etdi. Gitlerning so'zlariga ko'ra, eng yaxshi genlarning tashuvchilari frontda nokautga uchragan va o'ldirilgan. Ammo nemislar chizig'ini davom ettirish kerak edi. Ish nemis ayollari bilan boshlandi.

1935 yilda nemis qoni va sha'nini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilindi. Sof qonli yahudiylar va hatto birinchi toifadagi mestizolar, ya'ni ikki mestizoning nikohidan tug'ilganlar halokatga uchragan. Sof nemis va mestizodan tug'ilgan ikkinchi toifadagi metis Nordifikatsiyalangan bo'lishi mumkin. Agar ular naslli nemisga uylangan bo'lsa, ularning bolalari oriylar hisoblangan. Bunday nikohlarning tuzilishi mamlakat uchun zarurat sifatida baholandi. Gitlerning fikricha, "aholining qonlari toza bo'lmagan joyga elita qo'shinlari yuborilishi kerak. SS qo'shinlari bolalarni tarbiyalash uchun o'zlariga yuklangan mas'uliyatni xalq oldidagi burchi deb bilishadi."

Tug'ilishni kamaytirish tarafdori bo'lgan har bir kishi nemis xalqining dushmani hisoblanardi.

SS a'zolari 1931 yilda ishlab chiqilgan nikoh uchun o'z qoidalariga ega edi. SS a'zolari turmush qurish uchun ruxsat so'rashlari kerak edi.

Nemislarning SS va fashistlar partiyasiga kirib kelishiga davlat siyosatining yo'nalishi haqida har qanday so'zdan ko'ra yaxshiroq gapiradigan ijtimoiy dastur yordam berdi.

Shunday qilib, Gitlerning yaqin doiralari, SS va NDSAP a'zolari davlatning yangi elitasining yadrosini tashkil etdilar. Bu yadro inqirozdan chiqish davrida yaratilgan va millat qutqaruvchilari aurasini o'zida mujassam etgan. Bu jarayonni davlat nazorat qildi.

Bo'lim bo'yicha xulosalar:

Gitler qisqa vaqt ichida o'z atrofiga boshqalarga ta'sir o'tkaza oladigan, ijtimoiy obro'-e'tibor zinapoyasida yuqoriga ko'tarilishni istagan, urushdagi mag'lubiyatdan keyin xalqning og'ir ahvolini va bunga tayyorligini o'z ruhiy holatida aks ettiruvchi odamlarni to'plashga muvaffaq bo'ldi. uning tiklanishi uchun hamma narsa. U yangi elitani yaratishga tayandi va u qisqa vaqt ichida yaratildi.

Elita birlashganda, bor bo'lsa samarali bo'ladi umumiy maqsad Faoliyat, agar elita ko'p ishlarni qilishga tayyor, shu jumladan ijtimoiy zinapoyada yuqoriga ko'tarilish uchun o'z hayotini xavf ostiga qo'yadigan eng kuchli, eng faol shaxslarni o'z ichiga oladi. Bunga yangi elitani yaratish jarayonida erishildi.

Adabiyot

1. Kpopp G. SS: Qora inkvizitsiya. M. 2005 yil, 11-bet.

2. Picker G. Gitlerning stol suhbatlari. Smolensk 1993, p. 220

3. Hofer W. Der Nationalsozialismus Dokumente. 1933–1945 yillar. Frankfurt a. M., 1957. Schüffer W. NSDAP. Marburg: Lahn. 1957 yil.

4. 1933–1945 yillarda Germaniyadagi Uchinchi Reyx va Milliy sotsializm haqidagi tarixiy internet loyihasi. http://www.nazireich.net/

5-bob
Natsistlar davlatining mohiyati

Davlatning mohiyati, vazifasi, tuzilishi va maqsadi Gitler va uning tarafdorlari tomonidan hokimiyat tepasiga kelishidan oldin o'ylab topilgan. Boshqaruv tuzilmasi va davlat mansabdor shaxslari faoliyatini boshqarish ancha aniq, ravshan va yaxshi faoliyat yuritgan edi. Mohiyatan davlat mashinasi mamlakat taraqqiyotining asosiy omillarini hisobga olish va boshqarishni o‘z zimmasiga oldi. Busiz, hech qanday sezgi, Gitlerning yumshoq kuchini his qilish qobiliyati shunchaki talabga ega bo'lmaydi. Hozirgi voqealar, "qo'lda boshqarish" zarurati unga o'z kuchlarini strategik masalalarga, odamlarning tajribasini his qilishga, yumshoq kuchga, ongsiz odamlarning impulslariga jamlash imkoniyatini bermas edi.

5.1. Davlatning asosiy maqsadi

Har bir aniq vazifa, davlat organlari tomonidan bajariladigan har bir funksiya bo‘yicha aniq vazifalar belgilab berilgan tegishli tuzilma yaratildi. Bundan tashqari, mazkur tuzilmalar faoliyatini boshqarish tizimi yaratilib, belgilangan vazifalar qanchalik aniq va mas’uliyat bilan bajarilgani nazorat qilib borildi. Boshqaruv vazifasini imperator gubernatorlari amalga oshirib, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Gitlerga bo'ysundilar.

Shu bilan birga, nemis erlari o'z chegaralarini saqlab qoldi, hatto vazir-prezidentlar boshchiligidagi shtat hukumatlari ham saqlanib qoldi. Lekin haqiqiy nazorat markazdan imperator gubernatorlari orqali amalga oshirildi. Prussiyada Gitler gubernator vazifalarini o'z zimmasiga oldi va Geringni vazir-prezident etib tayinladi.

Bunga parallel ravishda, Gauleiters boshchiligidagi mintaqaviy partiya okruglari mavjud edi. Bundan tashqari, xuddi shu shaxs imperator gubernatorining hukumat lavozimini va Gauleiterning partiyaviy pozitsiyasini birlashtirishi mumkin edi.

Shuning uchun, fashistlar davlati, xuddi ikkita boshqaruv sxemasiga ega edi. Birinchisi odatiy davlat tizimi va tipik davlat tuzilmalari. Ikkinchisi, Gitlerga yaqin va shaxsan sodiq odamlar, shuningdek, partiya organlari orqali ularning faoliyatini nazorat qilish sxemasi. Germaniya milliy sotsialistik ishchilar partiyasining faolligi va ta'sirining sabablaridan biri ham shu. Partiya a'zolari nafaqat og'zaki janglarda qatnashdilar, balki davlat hayotiga birlashdilar va to'qdilar.

Bu Gitlerning davlatning maqsadi haqidagi fikri.

“Davlat maqsad sari vositadir. Uning maqsadi jismoniy va axloqiy jihatdan bir xil bo'lgan insonlar jamoasini saqlash va yanada rivojlantirishdir. Bu saqlanish, birinchi navbatda, faqat ma'lum bir irqga tegishli bo'lgan yadroga taalluqlidir va bu irqqa xos bo'lgan kuchlarning rivojlanishini ta'minlaydi. Ushbu yadroning bir qismi saqlashni ta'minlaydi jismoniy hayot, boshqa qismi esa keyingi ma'naviy rivojlanishga yordam beradi. Aslida, bir qism ikkinchisi uchun zarur shart-sharoitlarni yaratadi.

Bu maqsadga xizmat qilmagan davlat - xunuk va halokatga mahkum narsa. Uning mavjudligi haqiqati hech narsani isbotlamaydi. Oxir oqibat, hech kim filibuschilar to'dasining muvaffaqiyati muassasa sifatida talonchilikni oqlashi mumkinligini aytmaydi.

Birinchi bosqichda Gitler davlati namunali ishladi. Bu ko'p jihatdan nemislarning milliy xususiyatlari, xususan, ularning tartib va ​​itoatkorlikka tayyorligi bilan bog'liq. Germaniyada davlat xizmatchisi bor edi maxsus maqom. Biroq, Gitler bularning barchasini tushundi. ning alohida rolini ta'kidladi ijtimoiy rivojlanish armiya, monarxiya, davlat xizmatchilari va bu haqda Mein Kampfda yozgan. “Bizning armiyamiz odamlarni idealizm va o‘z buyuk vataniga sadoqat tuyg‘usi bilan tarbiyaladi, bizni tevarak-atrofimiz ochko‘zlik va molparastlikka botgan bir paytda”.

Gitler urushdan oldingi Germaniyaning kuchi monarxiya, armiya va hukumat amaldorlari korpusiga tayanadi, deb hisoblardi. U jamiyatda tartib va ​​dinamik stereotiplar tizimini saqlashda bu mexanizmlarning alohida rolini bilardi. Ammo bu mexanizmlar amaldorlar buzilmagan bo'lsagina ishlaydi. Davlatning roli ortib borishi bilan mansabdor shaxslarning halolligi markaziy, yetakchi sifatga aylanadi. Davlat xizmatchilarining bu o'ziga xos sifati bo'lmasa, diktator o'z o'zgarishlarini amalga oshirishda davlatga tayanishi mumkin emas va o'zgarishlarning o'zi davlatni botqoqqa olib boradi. Shu sababli, Gitler tartibni saqlash mexanizmini va zarur dinamik stereotiplarni parlamentdagi chiqishlardan yuqoriga qo'yadi va davlatning rolini, birinchi navbatda, xalqni birlashtirishda ko'radi.

“Davlat hech qanday ma'lum bir maqsad uchun yig'ilgan iqtisodiy kontragentlarning oddiy birlashmasi emas davlat hududi iqtisodiy vazifalarini birgalikda bajarish maqsadida. Yo‘q, davlat jismoniy va ma’naviy jihatdan teng insonlar yig‘indisi, o‘z oldiga eng yaxshi vazifani qo‘yadi. nasl-nasabini davom ettirish va oldindan belgilab qo'ygan maqsadlariga erishish. Davlat mavjudligining maqsadi va ma'nosi faqat shu, boshqa narsa emas. (...) iqtisodiyot hech qachon davlatning asosiy sababi ham, maqsadi ham emas...”

Bunday yondashuv bilan nega bir vaziyatda davlat fashistlar davrida iqtisodiyot rivojiga keskin aralashgani va tom ma'noda bir necha yildan so'ng korxonalarni yana xususiy qo'llarga o'tkazgani yanada tushunarli bo'ladi. Iqtisodiy o'zgarishlar davrida bu jarayonlar eng tez davlat xizmatchilari tomonidan amalga oshirildi. Hammasi yagona buyruq asosida, bir xilda bajarildi. Lekin eng muhimi, mehnat unumdorligining o'sishi va ishlab chiqarishning rivojlanishi o'z sohasi mutaxassislari, iqtisodiyotning ushbu tarmoqlari rahbarlari tomonidan ta'minlandi. Mulk egalari, ma'lum bir nuqtada, uni davlat amaldorlariga qaraganda yaxshiroq boshqarishgan. Davlatning asosiy roli va vazifasi menejment emas, foyda emas, demak, u iqtisodiyotga osonlik bilan kiradi va xuddi shunday osonlik bilan uni tark etadi.

Shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, Gitler davlatning rolini nemislar tomonidan oilaning davom etishini ta'minlashga xizmat qilish uchun kamaytirdi. Insoniyat taraqqiyoti tarixida esa o‘sha imperiyalar, din va g‘oyalarga tayangan davlatlar tarixiy nuqtai nazardan eng uzoq umr ko‘rgan. Bu yerda gap Misr qirolliklari, Rim imperiyasi, Vizantiya imperiyasi va boshqalar haqida ketmoqda. Gitler davlatning, imperiyaning kuchi mohiyatan to‘g‘ri tanlangan dinga, g‘oyalarga, mulkdan ham muhimroq narsaga, yerdagi narsaga bog‘liqligini his qilgan. hayot.

U davlatning uzoq vaqt mavjudligi uchun muhim bo'lgan bu holatni oriy xalqining boshqa xalqlardan ustunligiga tushirdi. Bu odamlarni birlashtirishning psixologik mexanizmi bo'lib xizmat qilishi mumkinligini hisobga olsak, hatto milliy g'oya sifatida ham harakat qiladi. Ammo bir lahzada... Davlatning uzoq va barqaror yashashi uchun chuqurroq, shuning uchun ham samaraliroq tushunchalar, dinlar kerak. Gitlerda bunday tushunchalar, g'oyalar, dinlar bo'lmagan. U jahl bilan ularni qidirdi. Ammo bunday g'oya o'z tabiatiga ko'ra misantropik bo'lishi mumkin emas.

Gitler xalqni birlashtirishda armiyaga alohida rol yukladi. “Ammo milliy organning parchalanishi hali ham sekin kechayotgan bu davrning ijobiy omillaridan eng muhimi, albatta, armiya edi. Germaniyaning barcha dushmanlarining nafrati, eng avvalo, ozodligimiz va milliy o‘zligimizni tasdiqlashning asosiy himoyachisi bo‘lgan armiyamizga qarshi qaratilganligi bejiz emas. Bizning armiyamiz o'sha kunlarda butun nemis xalqi uchun eng qudratli maktab edi.

Mayn Kampfdagi davlat haqida aytilganlarning hammasi amalda qo'llanildi.

Gitler davlatni yaratishda barcha barqaror tuzilmalardan foydalangan. Davlat xizmatchilari va armiyaga alohida e'tibor qaratildi. Ommaviy chaqiruv paytida armiya aholiga ta'sir ko'rsatadi, chunki ko'pchilik erkaklar armiya ta'lim maktabidan o'tadi. Armiyadagi tartib nemislarning ruhi va milliy xususiyatlariga mos keldi, bu esa harbiy intizom xususiyatlarini davlat tuzilishiga kiritish imkonini berdi. Davlat qurilishi ma'muriy nazoratga olingan. Nazorat va ijro funktsiyalari bir-biridan ajratilgan.

Ulug 'Vatan urushi paytida biz Gitler bilan jang qilmadik. To'g'rirog'i, nafaqat u bilan. Birlashgan Yevropaning aksariyati bizga qarshi kurashdi. fashist Yevropa Ittifoqi o'sha vaqt. Biz g'alaba qozondik. Gitler o'z joniga qasd qildi (bu sahnalashtirilgan versiya mavjud), Mussolini qatl qilindi. Ammo Gitlerga sodiqlikka qasamyod qilgan va ularning yordamisiz u bunchalik muammo tug'dirmagan Yevropa davlatlarining boshqa rahbarlariga nima bo'ldi?

Ma’lum bo‘lishicha, ularning aksariyati koalitsiya mag‘lubiyatidan ancha yaxshi omon qolgan. Ba'zilari otib tashlandi, lekin asosan qo'g'irchoqlar:

- Antonio de Salazar, Portugaliya Bosh vaziri (1932-1968). 1930-yillarda u Franko bilan munosabatlarni saqlab qolgan bo'lsa-da, Gitler Germaniyasidan uzoqlashdi. Portugaliya urushda toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri ishtirok etmadi, garchi u mojaroning har ikki tomoniga turli xizmatlar koʻrsatgan. Ittifoqchilarga Azor orollaridagi harbiy bazasidan foydalanishga ruxsat berildi. U Germaniyaga volfram yetkazib berdi, bundan tashqari u o'ziga xos tranzit markazi bo'lib xizmat qildi. Shunga qaramay, Salazar rejimi urushdan omon qoldi, unga hech qanday savol tug'ilmadi. Salazar urushdan chorak asr o‘tib, 81 yoshida tinchlik va hurmatda vafot etdi.

-Miklos Horti, Vengriya Qirolligi hukmdori (1920-1944). Gitler bilan ittifoq tuzib, admiral Chexoslovakiyani bo'lib tashladi, Yugoslaviyaga qarshi urushda qatnashdi va oxir-oqibat Gitlerning sun'iy yo'ldoshiga aylandi. 1941 yil 27 iyunda u SSSRga urush e'lon qildi va bizga qarshi jami 250 ming kishilik harbiy kontingentni yubordi. Urushdan keyin u Portugaliyaga ko'chib o'tdi va u erda 1957 yilda 88 yoshida vafotigacha yashadi. Sudlanmagan.

- Fransisko Franko, Ispaniya davlati rahbari (1939-1975). Germaniyaning faol harbiy yordami bilan hokimiyatga keldi. Ispaniya ittifoqchilarga rasman urush e'lon qilmadi, lekin Franko Sharqiy frontga bitta diviziya yubordi. Ispaniya, Portugaliya singari, Germaniyani iqtisodiy jihatdan qo'llab-quvvatladi: u orqali Gitler Lotin Amerikasi neftini oldi. Urushdan keyin Ispaniya Franko tashabbusi bilan diktatorlik tuzumlarining ko'plab arboblari uchun boshpana bo'ldi. U sudga tortilmadi, u 1975 yilda 82 yoshida vafot etdi.

- Ante Pavelich, Xorvatiya diktatori (1941-1945). Gitlerning Yugoslaviyaga hujumi va Germaniyaga qaram bo'lgan qator davlatlarga bo'linib ketishi tufayli hokimiyat tepasiga keldi. U Wehrmachtga yordam berish uchun bitta ko'ngilli polkni yubordi, uchta bo'linma Xorvatiya hududida Qizil Armiyaga qarshilik ko'rsatdi. Boshida deb atalmish Mustaqil Xorvatiya davlati o'z hududida serblarning genotsidini uyushtirdi. Urushdan keyin u Evropada yashiringan, keyin Lotin Amerikasiga ko'chib o'tgan va u erda Argentina prezidenti Xuan Peronning xavfsizlik bo'yicha maslahatchisi bo'lgan. Suiqasddan so'ng (1957) u Ispaniyaga ko'chib o'tdi va 1959 yilda vafot etdi. Sudlanmagan.

- Karl Gustav Mannerxaym, Finlyandiya armiyasining bosh qo'mondoni (1939-1946), Finlyandiya prezidenti (1944-1946). U Germaniya tomonida jang qildi, o'z qo'shinlari bilan Leningradni shimoldan to'sdi. Finlyandiya ko'ngillilari Waffen-SS Nordost batalyonida jang qilishdi. 1944 yilda Finlyandiya SSSR va uning ittifoqchilari bilan urushdan chiqdi va boshlandi jang qilish Germaniyaga qarshi. Mannerxaym urushdan keyin jinoiy javobgarlikdan qochib qutuldi. 1951 yilda vafot etgan.

- Ion Antonesku, Ruminiya Bosh vaziri (1940-1944), amalda hukmdor. 1940 yilning kuzida u Ruminiya neft sanoatini Germaniya nazoratiga o'tkazdi. SSSR bilan urushga 220 mingdan ortiq ruminiyalik askar yuborildi. 1944 yilda u hibsga olindi va Sovet hukumatiga topshirildi, urushdan keyin uni Ruminiya hukumatiga topshirdi. Sud qarori bilan otilgan.

-Anri-Filip Peten, qo'g'irchoq Frantsiya davlatining boshlig'i (1940-1944), ya'ni. Fransiyaning Uchinchi Reyxga kiritilmagan qismlari. U 1941 yilda Moskvaga yuborilgan ko'ngilli legionni shakllantirishga hissa qo'shgan. O'limga hukm qilingan, u umrbod qamoq jazosiga almashtirilgan.

- Vidkun Quisling, Norvegiya Bosh Prezidenti (1942-1945). Qaram davlat rahbari Petain kabi. Urush paytida norvegiyaliklardan 2 ta Vaffen-SS diviziyasi tuzildi. Urushdan keyin sud hukmi bilan otilgan. Uning familiyasi uy nomiga aylandi - "quislings" ko'plab mamlakatlarda bunday xoinlar deb atala boshlandi.

- Anton Mussert, Gollandiya xalqining fyureri (1942-1945). Germaniyaga ko'proq qaram bo'lgan hamkorlikchi, chunki o'z hokimiyatini Gollandiyaning Berlin tomonidan tayinlangan Reyx komissari Artur Seyss-Inkvart (Avstriyaning sobiq kansleri) bilan bo'lishdi. Boshqalar singari, u Waffen-SS bo'linmalarining shakllanishiga hissa qo'shdi. Urushdan keyin sud hukmi bilan otilgan.

- Milan Nedich, "Serbiya Milliy Najot Hukumati" rahbari (1941-1944) - urush paytida Gitler tomonidan yaratilgan qo'g'irchoq tuzilmalardan yana biri. Serbiyada tuzilgan Vaffen-SS boʻlinmalari asosan Yugoslaviyada partizan harakatiga qarshi kurashda foydalanilgan. U inglizlar tomonidan Yugoslaviya Tito hokimiyatiga topshirilgan va 1946 yil fevral oyida 1946 yilda sud jarayonida u derazadan sakrab tushgan.

- Voytech Tuka, Slovakiya Bosh vaziri (1939-1944). Davlat Chexoslovakiyaning boʻlinishi davrida vujudga kelgan va Germaniya tomonidan yaratilgan. Oldingi yarim va mustaqil bo'lmagan davlatlar singari, Slovakiya SSSRga qarshi qo'shinlarini (ikki diviziya) yubordi. O'limga hukm qilingan, 1946 yil avgust oyida qatl qilinishidan oldin vafot etgan. Tukaning Slovakiyaning bosh vaziri, keyin esa prezidenti (1939-1945) lavozimida ishlagan, slovak millatchilarining asosiy rahbari Iosif Tiso amerikaliklar tomonidan Chexoslovakiyaga topshirilgan va 1947 yilning aprelida osib o‘ldirilgan.

Agar siz ushbu ro'yxatga diqqat bilan qarasangiz, asosan qo'g'irchoqlar hukm qilingan va qatl etilganini sezasiz. Ayblanuvchilarning yarmi sud jarayonidan butunlay qochishgan. Ularning ko'plab qo'l ostidagilari ham sudga tortilmadi: ular qochib ketishdi yoki o'zlarini qonuniylashtirishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi, G'arb razvedka xizmatlari himoyasiga tushishdi va hokazo.